Laura Dietrich
German Archaeological Institute, Orient Department, Faculty Member
- Bronze Age Europe (Archaeology), Carpathian Basin, Levantine Archaeology, Stone axes (Archaeology), Late Neolithic Near East, Stone artefacts (Archaeology), and 58 moreAnatolian Prehistory, Bone and Antler, Ground Stone Technology, Ground stone tools, Bone Technology (Archaeology), Pre-Pottery Neolithic, The Neolithic Revolution, Near Est Neolithic, Neolithic & Chalcolithic Archaeology, Anatolian Studies, Levant Prehistory, Settlement Patterns, PPNA PPNB sites, PPNA /PPNB /PPNC, Stone tools, Neolithic flint procurement, Prehistoric polished stone tools, Settlement of Rotbav, Brasov County, Neolithic Transition, Anatolian Archaeology, Neolithic Archaeology, Near Eastern Studies, Ancient Near East, Settlement of Shir, Syria, Late Neolithic, Religion and ritual in prehistory, Late Bronze Age archaeology, Archaeology, Bronze Age (Archaeology), Prehistoric Archaeology, Bronze Age Pottery, Near Eastern Archaeology, Social Archaeology, Bronze Age, Wietenberg Culture, Hunters, Fishers and Gatherers' Archaeology, Hunter-Gatherer Archaeology, Archaeology of Hunting, Romanian Archaeology, Beads, Arheologie, Bronze Age Balkans, Bronze Age Archaeology, Bronze Age of the Carpathian Basin, Archaeological Method & Theory, Neolithic, Settlement & Landscape research, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), gvSIG, Computer Applications & Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA), Museum Digital, Ancient Warfare, Bronze Age warfare, Astrophysics, Warfare, Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Feasting and Fasting, and Ritual Feastingedit
- I am an archaeologist based at the German Archaological Institute in Berlin. My research interests lie in the Neolith... moreI am an archaeologist based at the German Archaological Institute in Berlin. My research interests lie in the Neolithic and Bronze Age from the Levant to the Carpathian Basin with a focus on material studies, use-wear, the
archaeology of food and experimental archaeology . Currently I am looking into innovations in plant food during the Early Neolithic at Göbekli Tepe (Turkey) and the Late Neolithic in Shir (Syria) based on several projects on experimental grinding and quantification of use-wear.edit
Research Interests: Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Settlement Patterns, Bronze Age Europe (Archaeology), Bronze Age Archaeology, and 10 morePrehistoric Settlement, Late Bronze Age archaeology, Bronze Age (Archaeology), Middle Bronze Age, Prehistory, Settlement archaeology, Bronze Age, Bronze Age of the Carpathian Basin, Carpathian Basin, and Late Bronze Age
Dietrich L, Meister J, Dietrich O, Notroff J, Kiep J, et al. (2019) Cereal processing at Early Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, southeastern Turkey. PLOS ONE 14(5): e0215214. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215214 We analyze the processing... more
Dietrich L, Meister J, Dietrich O, Notroff J, Kiep J, et al. (2019) Cereal processing at Early Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, southeastern Turkey. PLOS ONE 14(5): e0215214. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215214
We analyze the processing of cereals and its role at Early Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, southeastern Anatolia (10th / 9th millennium BC), a site that has aroused much debate in archaeological discourse. To date, only zooarchaeological evidence has been discussed in regard to the subsistence of its builders. Göbekli Tepe consists of monumental round to oval buildings, erected in an earlier phase, and smaller rectangular buildings, built around them in a partially contemporaneous and later phase. The monumental buildings are best known as they were in the focus of research. They are around 20 m in diameter and have stone pillars that are up to 5.5 m high and often richly decorated. The rectangular buildings are smaller and–in some cases–have up to 2 m high, mostly undecorated, pillars. Especially striking is the number of tools related to food processing, including grinding slabs/bowls, handstones, pestles, and mortars, which have not been studied before. We analyzed more than 7000 artifacts for the present contribution. The high frequency of artifacts is unusual for contemporary sites in the region. Using an integrated approach of formal, experimental, and macro- / microscopical use-wear analyses we show that Neolithic people at Göbekli Tepe have produced standardized and efficient grinding tools, most of which have been used for the processing of cereals. Additional phytolith analysis confirms the massive presence of cereals at the site, filling the gap left by the weakly preserved charred macro-rests. The organization of work and food supply has always been a central question of research into Göbekli Tepe, as the construction and maintenance of the monumental architecture would have necessitated a considerable work force. Contextual analyses of the distribution of the elements of the grinding kit on site highlight a clear link between plant food preparation and the rectangular buildings and indicate clear delimitations of working areas for food production on the terraces the structures lie on, surrounding the circular buildings. There is evidence for extensive plant food processing and archaeozoological data hint at large-scale hunting of gazelle between midsummer and autumn. As no large storage facilities have been identified, we argue for a production of food for immediate use and interpret these seasonal peaks in activity at the site as evidence for the organization of large work feasts.
We analyze the processing of cereals and its role at Early Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, southeastern Anatolia (10th / 9th millennium BC), a site that has aroused much debate in archaeological discourse. To date, only zooarchaeological evidence has been discussed in regard to the subsistence of its builders. Göbekli Tepe consists of monumental round to oval buildings, erected in an earlier phase, and smaller rectangular buildings, built around them in a partially contemporaneous and later phase. The monumental buildings are best known as they were in the focus of research. They are around 20 m in diameter and have stone pillars that are up to 5.5 m high and often richly decorated. The rectangular buildings are smaller and–in some cases–have up to 2 m high, mostly undecorated, pillars. Especially striking is the number of tools related to food processing, including grinding slabs/bowls, handstones, pestles, and mortars, which have not been studied before. We analyzed more than 7000 artifacts for the present contribution. The high frequency of artifacts is unusual for contemporary sites in the region. Using an integrated approach of formal, experimental, and macro- / microscopical use-wear analyses we show that Neolithic people at Göbekli Tepe have produced standardized and efficient grinding tools, most of which have been used for the processing of cereals. Additional phytolith analysis confirms the massive presence of cereals at the site, filling the gap left by the weakly preserved charred macro-rests. The organization of work and food supply has always been a central question of research into Göbekli Tepe, as the construction and maintenance of the monumental architecture would have necessitated a considerable work force. Contextual analyses of the distribution of the elements of the grinding kit on site highlight a clear link between plant food preparation and the rectangular buildings and indicate clear delimitations of working areas for food production on the terraces the structures lie on, surrounding the circular buildings. There is evidence for extensive plant food processing and archaeozoological data hint at large-scale hunting of gazelle between midsummer and autumn. As no large storage facilities have been identified, we argue for a production of food for immediate use and interpret these seasonal peaks in activity at the site as evidence for the organization of large work feasts.
Research Interests:
Research Interests: Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Pottery (Archaeology), Settlement Patterns, Bronze Age Europe (Archaeology), and 10 moreBronze Age Archaeology, Late Bronze Age archaeology, Romanian Archaeology, Bronze Age (Archaeology), Prehistory, Settlement archaeology, Bronze Age, Bronze Age of the Carpathian Basin, Late Bronze Age, and Garbage Management
Abstract: In the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age the new ceramic style known as ‘channelled ware’ spread into large areas of Southeast Europe. This article analyses the modes and ways of this large-scale dispersion, which have until the... more
Abstract: In the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age the new ceramic style known as ‘channelled ware’ spread into large
areas of Southeast Europe. This article analyses the modes and ways of this large-scale dispersion, which have until the
present been explained only in general terms like ‘cultural syncretism’, ‘new fashion’ or as mass migration. Starting with
a short but detailed look at the Middle Bronze Age, this paper demonstrates that channelled ware not only represented
a new pottery style, but also carried with it a completely new
social meaning. A highly standardized eating and drinking
vessel set slowly appeared in the Middle Bronze Age milieu, replacing local pottery varieties. Special types of finds (like
pottery hoards or cult buildings with pottery plasters) indicate the way this pottery spread, namely through large-scale
feasting events held in special places and settlements. This ‘f
easting package’ is entangled with other Late Bronze Age
phenomena like the construction of lage, fortified hilltop settl
ements.
areas of Southeast Europe. This article analyses the modes and ways of this large-scale dispersion, which have until the
present been explained only in general terms like ‘cultural syncretism’, ‘new fashion’ or as mass migration. Starting with
a short but detailed look at the Middle Bronze Age, this paper demonstrates that channelled ware not only represented
a new pottery style, but also carried with it a completely new
social meaning. A highly standardized eating and drinking
vessel set slowly appeared in the Middle Bronze Age milieu, replacing local pottery varieties. Special types of finds (like
pottery hoards or cult buildings with pottery plasters) indicate the way this pottery spread, namely through large-scale
feasting events held in special places and settlements. This ‘f
easting package’ is entangled with other Late Bronze Age
phenomena like the construction of lage, fortified hilltop settl
ements.
Research Interests: Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Pottery (Archaeology), Bronze Age Europe (Archaeology), Late Bronze Age archaeology, and 7 moreEuropean Prehistory (Archaeology), Prehistory, Settlement archaeology, Late Bronze Age, Early Iron Age, Bronze Age of the Carpathian Basin, Late Bronze Age, and Archaeology and Feasting
In 2013 research in the Bronze Age settlement at Rotbav was resumed after an interruption in 2011 and 2012. The work was financed by the Romanian Ministry of Culture. In an excavation season of 10 days, one trench of 5x5 m was opened with... more
In 2013 research in the Bronze Age settlement at Rotbav was resumed after an interruption in 2011 and 2012. The work was financed by the Romanian Ministry of Culture. In an excavation season of 10 days, one trench of 5x5 m was opened with the aim of further clarifying the dimensions of the Zolnik („ashmound”) of the Noua Culture discovered in 2007. The profiles obtained show how the grey deposit thins out in the western and southern directions, the „ashmound” being nevertheless bigger than anticipated. It might well have more than 20 m in diameter and rises to a thickness of 0,60 m. The stratigraphy in the trench excavated this year was the same as already known from earlier excavations: a grayish layer pigmented heavily with burned loam and large amounts of pottery of the Gáva Culture, followed by a brown-yellowish deposit of the Noua Culture poor in fi nds which immediately supraposes the ‚ashmound’. As in earlier seasons, the latter has produced an immense amount of pottery and b...
The present paper aims to analyse projectile points of the Late Bronze Age Noua-Sabatinovka- Coslogeni cultural complex. They are produced mostly of bone and appear in large numbers in settlements, far less in hoards or graves.... more
The present paper aims to analyse projectile points of the Late Bronze Age Noua-Sabatinovka-
Coslogeni cultural complex. They are produced mostly of bone and appear in large numbers in settlements,
far less in hoards or graves. Metrical analysis points at their improved efficiency in comparison to
earlier projectile points of flint; several groups with different grades of efficiency can be distinguished.
Their utilisation in warfare in times with altered mobility can be presumed. Even if they are not part of
the depositional process like other weapons of bronze, and are neither deposited in graves, they seem to
constitute an important element in warfare. More mobile battle tactics, which may imply also the invention
of new forms of lighter bows, seem to become visible behind this find group.
Coslogeni cultural complex. They are produced mostly of bone and appear in large numbers in settlements,
far less in hoards or graves. Metrical analysis points at their improved efficiency in comparison to
earlier projectile points of flint; several groups with different grades of efficiency can be distinguished.
Their utilisation in warfare in times with altered mobility can be presumed. Even if they are not part of
the depositional process like other weapons of bronze, and are neither deposited in graves, they seem to
constitute an important element in warfare. More mobile battle tactics, which may imply also the invention
of new forms of lighter bows, seem to become visible behind this find group.
Research Interests:
"Abstract: The present article explores the possibilities of reconstructing social behaviour through a detailed analysis of the so‐called ʹashmoundsʹ of the Late Bronze Age in Eastern Europe, starting from the settlement of the Noua... more
"Abstract: The present article explores the possibilities of reconstructing social behaviour through a
detailed analysis of the so‐called ʹashmoundsʹ of the Late Bronze Age in Eastern Europe, starting from
the settlement of the Noua culture from Rotbav, Southeastern Transylvania. ‚Ashmoundsʹ are round
heaps formed of greyish sediments and are distributed mostly in the Noua‐Sabatinovka‐Coslogeni
cultural complex. Until recently they were believed to represent the remains of houses or burned waste.
New evidence shows that the ‚ashmoundsʹ are not randomly formed mounds of waste, but special,
collectively used places at the boundaries of settlements; they are not piled on the walking level, but in
intentionally dug basins. Chemical analyses prove the sediment to be constituted not of ash, but of a
mixture of earth, lime and burned lime. Burnt lime is ethnographically known to have been used for
departing hair from hides. Tools for the scraping of hides, needles, awls and a considerable amount of
animal bones give further prove to an intense production of leather. Concentrations of drinking vessels
and cooking utensils prove that the ,ashmoundsʹ may also have played a role in feasting.
By using one of these activity zones, it was slowly filled and marked at the end of its use‐life through
depositions of bronze objects or animal skulls. Furthermore the present article introduces a new
workmanship in the Late Bronze Age in Eastern Europe of less visible commodities."
detailed analysis of the so‐called ʹashmoundsʹ of the Late Bronze Age in Eastern Europe, starting from
the settlement of the Noua culture from Rotbav, Southeastern Transylvania. ‚Ashmoundsʹ are round
heaps formed of greyish sediments and are distributed mostly in the Noua‐Sabatinovka‐Coslogeni
cultural complex. Until recently they were believed to represent the remains of houses or burned waste.
New evidence shows that the ‚ashmoundsʹ are not randomly formed mounds of waste, but special,
collectively used places at the boundaries of settlements; they are not piled on the walking level, but in
intentionally dug basins. Chemical analyses prove the sediment to be constituted not of ash, but of a
mixture of earth, lime and burned lime. Burnt lime is ethnographically known to have been used for
departing hair from hides. Tools for the scraping of hides, needles, awls and a considerable amount of
animal bones give further prove to an intense production of leather. Concentrations of drinking vessels
and cooking utensils prove that the ,ashmoundsʹ may also have played a role in feasting.
By using one of these activity zones, it was slowly filled and marked at the end of its use‐life through
depositions of bronze objects or animal skulls. Furthermore the present article introduces a new
workmanship in the Late Bronze Age in Eastern Europe of less visible commodities."
Research Interests: Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Settlement Patterns, Archaeology of Religion, Bronze Age Europe (Archaeology), and 21 moreBronze Age Archaeology, Religion and ritual in prehistory, Prehistoric Settlement, Prehistoric Technology, Late Bronze Age archaeology, Archaeology of Ritual and Magic, Prehistoric Europe (Archaeology), Romanian Archaeology, Bronze Age (Archaeology), Sacred Landscape (Archaeology), European Prehistory (Archaeology), Prehistory, Settlement archaeology, Archaelogy, Bronze Age, Prehistoric Archeology, Bronze Age of the Carpathian Basin, Noua Culture, Late Bronze Age, Leatherworking, and Ritual Feasting
"This artikel offers a new view on the so called ashmounds oft he late bronze age Noua-culture (Romania, Moldawia and west Russia). Ashmounds are round heaps with a diameter of 25-30 m formed of grayish sediments. They were believed to be... more
"This artikel offers a new view on the so called ashmounds oft he late bronze age Noua-culture (Romania, Moldawia and west Russia). Ashmounds are round heaps with a diameter of 25-30 m formed of grayish sediments. They were believed to be burnt houses or waste dumps.
These remarks are based on excavation, which took place between 2005-2009 in a bronze age settlement at Rotbav, south-eastern Transsylvania (Romania). Here, an ashmound dating in the 14th century calBC was excavated.
The ashmound is a special, colectively used place at the boundary of the settlement. Chemical analysis proofs that the sediment it is constituted of is no ash, but a mixture of earth and burnt lime (CaO). A mixture of burnt lime and water ist historically and ethnographically known to have been used used for the tanning of leather. Further, numerous crenated scapulas, objects known from ethnographic contexts as tools for the scraping of leather, have been found numerously in the ashmound, while they lack in the settlement. A multitude of animals bones indicates that the ashmound was also the place for killing animals. In the ashmound, only bones of old animals were found, the younger individuals being present in the settlement near the houses. Obviously older, full grown animals with a maximum size of hides, were selected for killing. In proximity of the ashmound many needles of bone were discovered, indicating it as the place, where leather was manufactured to clothes.
The ashmound of Rotbav seems to have been also a place for feasting. Utilitarian pottery found here in high numbers was probably used for the preparation of meals for feasting. Special vessels like the kantharoi (lacking from the settlement, but being a common grave good) hint at the aspect of festive drinking. The special role oft he ashmounds is further enhanced by the appearance of depositions of animal skulls or metal objects occurring on some sites."
These remarks are based on excavation, which took place between 2005-2009 in a bronze age settlement at Rotbav, south-eastern Transsylvania (Romania). Here, an ashmound dating in the 14th century calBC was excavated.
The ashmound is a special, colectively used place at the boundary of the settlement. Chemical analysis proofs that the sediment it is constituted of is no ash, but a mixture of earth and burnt lime (CaO). A mixture of burnt lime and water ist historically and ethnographically known to have been used used for the tanning of leather. Further, numerous crenated scapulas, objects known from ethnographic contexts as tools for the scraping of leather, have been found numerously in the ashmound, while they lack in the settlement. A multitude of animals bones indicates that the ashmound was also the place for killing animals. In the ashmound, only bones of old animals were found, the younger individuals being present in the settlement near the houses. Obviously older, full grown animals with a maximum size of hides, were selected for killing. In proximity of the ashmound many needles of bone were discovered, indicating it as the place, where leather was manufactured to clothes.
The ashmound of Rotbav seems to have been also a place for feasting. Utilitarian pottery found here in high numbers was probably used for the preparation of meals for feasting. Special vessels like the kantharoi (lacking from the settlement, but being a common grave good) hint at the aspect of festive drinking. The special role oft he ashmounds is further enhanced by the appearance of depositions of animal skulls or metal objects occurring on some sites."
Research Interests: Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Environmental Archaeology, Landscape Archaeology, Settlement Patterns, and 16 moreHistory (Archaeology), Bronze Age Europe (Archaeology), Social Archaeology, Bronze Age Archaeology, Religion and ritual in prehistory, Prehistoric Settlement, Late Bronze Age archaeology, Bronze Age (Archaeology), Middle Bronze Age, Prehistory, Bronze Age Balkans, Settlement archaeology, Bronze Age, the Carpathian Basin, Late Bronze Age, Early Iron Age, and Bronze Age of the Carpathian Basin
"The fine wares of the Wietenberg Culture in Transylvania during the Middle Bronze Age are characterised by compositions of uniform, repetitive ‚spiraloid‘ or ‚meandroid‘ motifs. These patterns – referred to collectively as ‚spiral... more
"The fine wares of the Wietenberg Culture in Transylvania during the Middle Bronze Age are characterised by compositions
of uniform, repetitive ‚spiraloid‘ or ‚meandroid‘ motifs. These patterns – referred to collectively as ‚spiral ornamentation‘ –
were often associated with the Mycenaean region. A detailed examination of the ceramic decoration of the Wietenberg
Culture reveals that it is not actually spiral ornamentation, but rather rows of hook patterns, which may be abstract zoomorphic
motifs. A comparison with the genuine spiral ornamentation of the Mycenaean Culture further supports the thesis
of there being a fundamental difference in the type of ornamentation. The pottery ornamentation of the Wietenberg
Culture is thus independent of southern prototypes. However, this does not mean that there was no contact between the
Wietenberg Culture and Mycenaean Greece. But this contact remained at the level of prestige objects such as ‚Mycenaean‘
swords, bone objects with wave motifs and the bronzes decorated in Hajdúsámson-Apa style, which were limited to a
small social elite and were furthermore distributed far beyond the Wietenberg Culture."
of uniform, repetitive ‚spiraloid‘ or ‚meandroid‘ motifs. These patterns – referred to collectively as ‚spiral ornamentation‘ –
were often associated with the Mycenaean region. A detailed examination of the ceramic decoration of the Wietenberg
Culture reveals that it is not actually spiral ornamentation, but rather rows of hook patterns, which may be abstract zoomorphic
motifs. A comparison with the genuine spiral ornamentation of the Mycenaean Culture further supports the thesis
of there being a fundamental difference in the type of ornamentation. The pottery ornamentation of the Wietenberg
Culture is thus independent of southern prototypes. However, this does not mean that there was no contact between the
Wietenberg Culture and Mycenaean Greece. But this contact remained at the level of prestige objects such as ‚Mycenaean‘
swords, bone objects with wave motifs and the bronzes decorated in Hajdúsámson-Apa style, which were limited to a
small social elite and were furthermore distributed far beyond the Wietenberg Culture."
Research Interests: Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Pottery (Archaeology), Bronze Age Europe (Archaeology), Bronze Age Archaeology, and 18 moreAegean Bronze Age (Bronze Age Archaeology), Mycenaean era archaeology, Bronze Age (Archaeology), Early Bronze Age (Archaeology), Middle Bronze Age, Bronze and Iron Ages in Eastern Mediterranean (Archaeology), Prehistory, Bronze Age Balkans, Mycenaean, Pottery, Bronze Age, Prehistoric Archeology, Bronze Age of the Carpathian Basin, Bronze Age Pottery, Mycenaean pottery, Pottery technology and function, Pottery studies, and Arheologie
"Der vorliegende Artikel stellt einen Versuch dar, soziale Strukturen im südöstlichen Karpatenbecken in der frühen und mittleren Bronzezeit aufgrund von Beobachtungen zum Siedlungsgefüge und zur Verteilung bronzener Depot- und Einzelfunde... more
"Der vorliegende Artikel stellt einen Versuch dar, soziale Strukturen im südöstlichen Karpatenbecken in der frühen und mittleren Bronzezeit aufgrund von Beobachtungen zum Siedlungsgefüge und zur Verteilung bronzener Depot- und Einzelfunde herauszustellen.
Durch frühere Studien konnten umfangreiche Kenntnisse über die Keramikformen und -verzierungen der Wietenberg-Kultur gewonnen werden, doch bislang fehlen Arbeiten über die sozialen Strukturen dieser Kulturgruppe. Neue Detailkartierungen eines geographischen Kleinraums, Südostsiebenbürgens, ergeben ein komplexes Bild, das von kleineren Siedlungsgruppierungen geprägt ist, die in einigem Abstand zueinander an den Wasserläufen liegen. Sie bestehen in der Regel aus mehreren Flachlandsiedlungen und einer oder zwei, gelegentlich befestigten Höhensiedlungen. Die Höhensiedlungen weisen einen engen räumlichen Bezug zu gleichzeitigen Depot- und Einzelfunden prestigeträchtiger Waffen aus Bronze auf (Äxte, Schwerter). Zudem wird eine Orientierung der Siedlungskammern mit Höhensiedlungen an den Solequellen der Region deutlich. Neue Erkenntnisse bestätigten deren Nutzung schon in der mittleren Bronzezeit. Sowohl die so genannten „mykenischen“ Schwerter als auch einige Elemente in der Konstruktion der Höhensiedlungen deuten auf enge Kontakte mit der griechischen Welt hin, der Salzhandel könnte in diesem Rahmen eine wichtige Rolle gespielt haben. Das südliche Karpatenbecken kann in der frühen und mittleren Bronzezeit als ein wichtiger Kommunikationsraum gesehen werden, dessen soziale Eliten sich untereinander an bestimmten Symbolen, besonders Äxten und Schwertern, erkannten.
Cet article tente de dégager des structures sociales dans le sud-est du bassin des Carpates au Bronze ancien et moyen sur la base d'observations concernant l'organisation de l'habitat et la distribution de dépôts et de trouvailles isolées d'objets en bronze.
Les études précédentes ont permis d'accumuler un grand savoir sur les formes et les décors de la céramique de la culture de Wietenberg, mais l'on ne dispose pas jusqu'ici de travaux sur ses structures sociales. De nouveaux relevés détaillés d'une petite région géographique, le sud-est de la Transylvanie, révèlent un tableau complexe caractérisé par de petits groupes d'habitats échelonnés le long des cours d'eau. Ces groupes comprennent généralement plusieurs habitats de plaine et un ou deux habitats de hauteur, parfois fortifiés. Les habitats de hauteur affichent un lien géographique fort avec les dépôts et trouvailles isolées d'armes de prestige en bronze (haches, épées). En outre, il ressort clairement que les zones d'habitat avec des sites de hauteur recherchaient la proximité des sources salines. De nouveaux acquis confirment leur utilisation déjà au Bronze moyen. Les épées dites „mycéniennes“ ainsi que d'autres éléments architecturaux des habitats de hauteur trahissent des liens étroits avec le monde grec, le sel ayant peut-être joué un rôle important à cet égard. Au Bronze ancien et moyen, le bassin méridional des Carpates devait être une zone de communication importante où les élites se reconnaissaient à certains symboles, particulièrement les haches et les épées.
The present article is an attempt to uncover the social structures in the South-Eastern Carpathian Basin in the Early and Middle Bronze Age based on observations of the settlement structure and of the distribution of bronze depot finds and isolated finds.
Earlier studies have provided many insights into the pottery forms and decorations of the Wietenberg Culture, but so far, no studies have examined their social structures. New detailed mappings of a geographically small area, that of South-Eastern Transylvania, deliver a complex picture characterised by small settlement groups lying at some distance to each other on waterways. They generally consist of several lowland settlements and one or two, sometimes enclosed, hilltop settlements. The hilltop settlements are in close spatial relationship to depot finds and isolated finds of bronze prestige weapons (axes, swords) dating to the same period. In addition, the settlement pattern of hilltop settlements exhibits a clear orientation to the salt springs of the region. New findings have confirmed their use already during the Middle Bronze Age. Both the so-called „Mycenaean“ swords and several elements in the design of the hilltop settlements indicate close contacts with the Grecian world. Salt trade may have played an important role in this context. The Southern Carpathian Basin in the Early and Middle Bronze Age can be seen as an important region of communication whose social elites recognised each other by certain symbols, especially axes and swords."
Durch frühere Studien konnten umfangreiche Kenntnisse über die Keramikformen und -verzierungen der Wietenberg-Kultur gewonnen werden, doch bislang fehlen Arbeiten über die sozialen Strukturen dieser Kulturgruppe. Neue Detailkartierungen eines geographischen Kleinraums, Südostsiebenbürgens, ergeben ein komplexes Bild, das von kleineren Siedlungsgruppierungen geprägt ist, die in einigem Abstand zueinander an den Wasserläufen liegen. Sie bestehen in der Regel aus mehreren Flachlandsiedlungen und einer oder zwei, gelegentlich befestigten Höhensiedlungen. Die Höhensiedlungen weisen einen engen räumlichen Bezug zu gleichzeitigen Depot- und Einzelfunden prestigeträchtiger Waffen aus Bronze auf (Äxte, Schwerter). Zudem wird eine Orientierung der Siedlungskammern mit Höhensiedlungen an den Solequellen der Region deutlich. Neue Erkenntnisse bestätigten deren Nutzung schon in der mittleren Bronzezeit. Sowohl die so genannten „mykenischen“ Schwerter als auch einige Elemente in der Konstruktion der Höhensiedlungen deuten auf enge Kontakte mit der griechischen Welt hin, der Salzhandel könnte in diesem Rahmen eine wichtige Rolle gespielt haben. Das südliche Karpatenbecken kann in der frühen und mittleren Bronzezeit als ein wichtiger Kommunikationsraum gesehen werden, dessen soziale Eliten sich untereinander an bestimmten Symbolen, besonders Äxten und Schwertern, erkannten.
Cet article tente de dégager des structures sociales dans le sud-est du bassin des Carpates au Bronze ancien et moyen sur la base d'observations concernant l'organisation de l'habitat et la distribution de dépôts et de trouvailles isolées d'objets en bronze.
Les études précédentes ont permis d'accumuler un grand savoir sur les formes et les décors de la céramique de la culture de Wietenberg, mais l'on ne dispose pas jusqu'ici de travaux sur ses structures sociales. De nouveaux relevés détaillés d'une petite région géographique, le sud-est de la Transylvanie, révèlent un tableau complexe caractérisé par de petits groupes d'habitats échelonnés le long des cours d'eau. Ces groupes comprennent généralement plusieurs habitats de plaine et un ou deux habitats de hauteur, parfois fortifiés. Les habitats de hauteur affichent un lien géographique fort avec les dépôts et trouvailles isolées d'armes de prestige en bronze (haches, épées). En outre, il ressort clairement que les zones d'habitat avec des sites de hauteur recherchaient la proximité des sources salines. De nouveaux acquis confirment leur utilisation déjà au Bronze moyen. Les épées dites „mycéniennes“ ainsi que d'autres éléments architecturaux des habitats de hauteur trahissent des liens étroits avec le monde grec, le sel ayant peut-être joué un rôle important à cet égard. Au Bronze ancien et moyen, le bassin méridional des Carpates devait être une zone de communication importante où les élites se reconnaissaient à certains symboles, particulièrement les haches et les épées.
The present article is an attempt to uncover the social structures in the South-Eastern Carpathian Basin in the Early and Middle Bronze Age based on observations of the settlement structure and of the distribution of bronze depot finds and isolated finds.
Earlier studies have provided many insights into the pottery forms and decorations of the Wietenberg Culture, but so far, no studies have examined their social structures. New detailed mappings of a geographically small area, that of South-Eastern Transylvania, deliver a complex picture characterised by small settlement groups lying at some distance to each other on waterways. They generally consist of several lowland settlements and one or two, sometimes enclosed, hilltop settlements. The hilltop settlements are in close spatial relationship to depot finds and isolated finds of bronze prestige weapons (axes, swords) dating to the same period. In addition, the settlement pattern of hilltop settlements exhibits a clear orientation to the salt springs of the region. New findings have confirmed their use already during the Middle Bronze Age. Both the so-called „Mycenaean“ swords and several elements in the design of the hilltop settlements indicate close contacts with the Grecian world. Salt trade may have played an important role in this context. The Southern Carpathian Basin in the Early and Middle Bronze Age can be seen as an important region of communication whose social elites recognised each other by certain symbols, especially axes and swords."
Research Interests: Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Settlement Patterns, Bronze Age Europe (Archaeology), Bronze Age Archaeology, and 8 moreMycenaean era archaeology, Late Bronze Age archaeology, Bronze Age (Archaeology), Middle Bronze Age, Prehistory, Arheology, Bronze Age, and Bronze Age of the Carpathian Basin
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"In the present study six radiocarbon dates for the multi-layered Bronze Age settlement of Rotbav – “La Pârâuţ” in southeastern Transylvania are published. The bone samples were dated at the Heidelberg radiocarbon laboratory. The... more
"In the present study six radiocarbon dates for the multi-layered Bronze Age settlement of
Rotbav – “La Pârâuţ” in southeastern Transylvania are published. The bone samples were dated at the
Heidelberg radiocarbon laboratory. The importance of this new data series lies not only in the general
rarity of absolute dates for the Transylvanian Bronze Age, but also in their clear stratigraphic
contexts. The article presents a short discussion of these contexts and the six settlement phases
attested at Rotbav. "
Rotbav – “La Pârâuţ” in southeastern Transylvania are published. The bone samples were dated at the
Heidelberg radiocarbon laboratory. The importance of this new data series lies not only in the general
rarity of absolute dates for the Transylvanian Bronze Age, but also in their clear stratigraphic
contexts. The article presents a short discussion of these contexts and the six settlement phases
attested at Rotbav. "
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Observaţii privind utilizarea omoplaţilor crestaţi din cultura Noua, pe baza materialului de la Rotbav, jud. Braşov (Einige Bemerkungen zu den Nutzungsmöglichkeiten der gekerbten Schulterblätter der Noua Kultur, aufgrund der Funde aus Rotbav, Kreis Braşov). Aes Aeterna. In Honorem Tudor Soroceanu. Analele Banatului 17. Editura Marineasa, Timişoara, 33-46more
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Gedanken über die sozialen Dimensionen der Kantharos-Gefäße der Noua-Kultur. Zusammenfassung. Zweihenklige Gefäße mit Knopf- oder Kammhenkel sind eine typische Erscheinung in der Noua-Kultur. Neben Tassen stellen sie die wichtigsten... more
Gedanken über die sozialen Dimensionen der Kantharos-Gefäße der Noua-Kultur.
Zusammenfassung. Zweihenklige Gefäße mit Knopf- oder Kammhenkel sind eine typische
Erscheinung in der Noua-Kultur. Neben Tassen stellen sie die wichtigsten Formen der Feinkeramik
dar. Sie treten insbesondere in Gräberfeldern, aber auch in speziellen Plätzen wie den sogenannten
„Aschehügeln“ auf. Auch aus Siedlungskontexten sind Kantharos-Gefäße bekannt. Sie sind
wahrscheinlich nicht als Prestigegut zu sehen, sondern vielmehr als spezielles Geschirr für Feste und
Bestattungen. Die vorliegende Studie analysiert sowohl die Kontexte des Auftretens dieser speziellen
Gefäße als auch ihre besondere Form, die wesentlich von den möglicherweise stilisierte Tiere
darstellenden Henkeln bestimmt wird. Ein Vergleich mit ähnlichen Gefäßen der Monteoru- und
Komarowo-Kultur zeigt, dass die Entwicklung der Noua-Gefäße auf sie zurückzuführen ist, nicht
jedoch auf die Wietenberg-Kultur. Die sozialen Dimensionen der Kantharoi sind allerdings in allen sie
nutzenden Kulturen unterschiedlich.
Zusammenfassung. Zweihenklige Gefäße mit Knopf- oder Kammhenkel sind eine typische
Erscheinung in der Noua-Kultur. Neben Tassen stellen sie die wichtigsten Formen der Feinkeramik
dar. Sie treten insbesondere in Gräberfeldern, aber auch in speziellen Plätzen wie den sogenannten
„Aschehügeln“ auf. Auch aus Siedlungskontexten sind Kantharos-Gefäße bekannt. Sie sind
wahrscheinlich nicht als Prestigegut zu sehen, sondern vielmehr als spezielles Geschirr für Feste und
Bestattungen. Die vorliegende Studie analysiert sowohl die Kontexte des Auftretens dieser speziellen
Gefäße als auch ihre besondere Form, die wesentlich von den möglicherweise stilisierte Tiere
darstellenden Henkeln bestimmt wird. Ein Vergleich mit ähnlichen Gefäßen der Monteoru- und
Komarowo-Kultur zeigt, dass die Entwicklung der Noua-Gefäße auf sie zurückzuführen ist, nicht
jedoch auf die Wietenberg-Kultur. Die sozialen Dimensionen der Kantharoi sind allerdings in allen sie
nutzenden Kulturen unterschiedlich.
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Short preliminary report on the 2009 excavations at the Bronze Age settlement at Rotbav, Transylvania.
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Short preliminary report on the 2008 excavations at the Bronze Age settlement at Rotbav, Transylvania.
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Short preliminary report on the 2007 excavations at the Bronze Age settlement at Rotbav, Transylvania.
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Short preliminary report on the 2005 excavations at the Bronze Age settlement and cemetery at Rotbav, Transylvania.
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Short preliminary report on the 2006 excavations at the Bronze Age settlement at Rotbav, Transylvania.
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Research Interests: Eastern European Studies, Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Bronze Age Europe (Archaeology), Bronze Age Archaeology, and 19 moreReligion and ritual in prehistory, Prehistoric Settlement, Late Bronze Age archaeology, Bronze Age (Archaeology), Early Bronze Age (Archaeology), Middle Bronze Age, European Prehistory (Archaeology), Prehistory, Mortuary archaeology, Settlement archaeology, Central and Eastern Europe, Archaelogy, Bronze Age, Theories and Methods in Archaeology, Prehistoric Archeology, Bronze Age of the Carpathian Basin, Late Bronze Age, Arheologie, and Archeology
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The formation and perpetuation of social cohesion was often related to food sharing. Food is not consumed without being socially and symbolically transformed and charged with multiple layers of meaning. Individual daily meals contrast and... more
The formation and perpetuation of social cohesion was often related to food sharing. Food is not consumed without being socially and symbolically transformed and charged with multiple layers of meaning. Individual daily meals contrast and interact with collective commensal activities, like feasting, which are believed to be essential formaintaining the cohesion of societies.
However, other interpretations tend to interpret large-scale shared meals rather as activities linked to acquisition of social power or status competition. The present paper will explore the connection between food sharing and social cohesion in the Late Neolithic settlement of Shir, Syria. The settlement was extensively excavated by the German Archaeological Institute and represents one of the few explored sites of this period in the Northern Levant. It has a rich stratigraphic sequence which covers nearly a thousand years. So-called individual single room houses coexist with ‘special’ multiple room buildings, singular grinding
equipment with whole sets for ‘collective’ food processing, and isolated vessels with large storage rooms or buildings. The chronological sequence of the architecture and the contexts and evolution of grinding stones suggest a transition from individual to commensal consumption and a possible coexistence of social behaviors related to food consumption. Furthermore, the very early production and use of pottery accentuates these processes.
However, other interpretations tend to interpret large-scale shared meals rather as activities linked to acquisition of social power or status competition. The present paper will explore the connection between food sharing and social cohesion in the Late Neolithic settlement of Shir, Syria. The settlement was extensively excavated by the German Archaeological Institute and represents one of the few explored sites of this period in the Northern Levant. It has a rich stratigraphic sequence which covers nearly a thousand years. So-called individual single room houses coexist with ‘special’ multiple room buildings, singular grinding
equipment with whole sets for ‘collective’ food processing, and isolated vessels with large storage rooms or buildings. The chronological sequence of the architecture and the contexts and evolution of grinding stones suggest a transition from individual to commensal consumption and a possible coexistence of social behaviors related to food consumption. Furthermore, the very early production and use of pottery accentuates these processes.
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The archaeology of food has become an important field of study in recent years. Food is not consumed without being socially and symbolically transformed and charged with multiple layers of meaning. Individual daily meals contrast and... more
The archaeology of food has become an important field of study in recent years. Food is not consumed without being socially and symbolically transformed and charged with multiple layers of meaning. Individual daily meals contrast and interact with collective commensal activities important for the formation and cohesion of societies.
The present paper will explore the social dimensions of food in the Late Neolithic Settlement of Shir, Syria, starting with its processing, over its storage, up to its consumption. The settlement was extensively excavated by the German Archaeological Institute and represents one of the few explored sites of this period in Northern Levant. It has a rich stratigraphic sequence which covers nearly 1000 years. “Individual” one-room houses coexist with “special” multiple room buildings, single pieces of grinding equipment with whole sets for “collective” food processing, isolated vessels with large storage rooms
or buildings. The development of the architecture and the contexts and evolution of tools for food processing and storage suggest on one hand a transition from individual to commensal consumption and on
the other hand a possible coexistence of separate symbolic behaviors related to food consumption and/or separate human groups.
The present paper will explore the social dimensions of food in the Late Neolithic Settlement of Shir, Syria, starting with its processing, over its storage, up to its consumption. The settlement was extensively excavated by the German Archaeological Institute and represents one of the few explored sites of this period in Northern Levant. It has a rich stratigraphic sequence which covers nearly 1000 years. “Individual” one-room houses coexist with “special” multiple room buildings, single pieces of grinding equipment with whole sets for “collective” food processing, isolated vessels with large storage rooms
or buildings. The development of the architecture and the contexts and evolution of tools for food processing and storage suggest on one hand a transition from individual to commensal consumption and on
the other hand a possible coexistence of separate symbolic behaviors related to food consumption and/or separate human groups.
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The archaeology of Bronze Age warfare constitutes an important research field in the last years. Not only the warriors´ identities and their weapons, but also battle fields and battle tactics moved into the focus of research. In the... more
The archaeology of Bronze Age warfare constitutes an important research field in the last years. Not only the warriors´ identities and their weapons, but also battle fields and battle tactics moved into the focus of research. In the Late Bronze Age of the nord pontic regions and the Eastern Carpathian Bassin warfare was studied until now through the analysis of metal weapons deposited in numerous hoards. Battle axes and swords, spears and daggers shaped the image of pedestrian warriors and only to a certain extend dynamic battle tactics. Settlement research however proves that this image is rather due to the inequal interpretation of archeological contexts. The present paper aims to show this by analysing the projectile points of the Late Bronze Age Noua-Sabatinovka-Coslogeni cultural complex.They are produced mostly of bone and appear togheter with horse gear in large numbers in settlements, far less in hoards or graves. Metrical analysis points at their improved efficiency in comparison to earlier projectile points of flint; several groups with different grades of efficiency can be distinguished. More mobile battle tactics, which may imply also the invention of new forms of lighter bows, seem to become visible behind this find group.
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The theory of “social cohesion” is one of the core concepts in macro-sociology and social psychology, and its definitions are multiple. In its core meaning cohesion is related to the formation of groups and social bounds, resulting in... more
The theory of “social cohesion” is one of the core concepts in macro-sociology and social
psychology, and its definitions are multiple. In its core meaning cohesion is related to the formation
of groups and social bounds, resulting in groups sticking together. The modern idea of social
cohesion implies solidarity as well as inclusion and social integration. Social cohesion would thus
imply a set of social processes that lead to developing a sense of belonging in a community. In
archaeology, this concept has been predominantly related to commensality and the action of
feasting; the latter is often seen as a major social strategy in creating cohesion. Other utilizations
of the term of “social cohesion” in archaeology include its use as a contrary to social
differentiation, or to intra- and inter-group conflicts.The session invites contributions which try to
define “social cohesion” based on specific archaeological finds that could reflect possible
mechanisms of community formation from the Neolithic to the End of the Bronze Age, as well as
limitations in using this concept in archaeology. The analysis should be related specifically to the
social strategies involved in the formation of social cohesion and not just to group identities. Study
fields could include: formation of social cohesion through collective living, working, eating, fighting,
building, burying etc.
psychology, and its definitions are multiple. In its core meaning cohesion is related to the formation
of groups and social bounds, resulting in groups sticking together. The modern idea of social
cohesion implies solidarity as well as inclusion and social integration. Social cohesion would thus
imply a set of social processes that lead to developing a sense of belonging in a community. In
archaeology, this concept has been predominantly related to commensality and the action of
feasting; the latter is often seen as a major social strategy in creating cohesion. Other utilizations
of the term of “social cohesion” in archaeology include its use as a contrary to social
differentiation, or to intra- and inter-group conflicts.The session invites contributions which try to
define “social cohesion” based on specific archaeological finds that could reflect possible
mechanisms of community formation from the Neolithic to the End of the Bronze Age, as well as
limitations in using this concept in archaeology. The analysis should be related specifically to the
social strategies involved in the formation of social cohesion and not just to group identities. Study
fields could include: formation of social cohesion through collective living, working, eating, fighting,
building, burying etc.
